How DNA Helps to Solve Crimes Essay - 566 Words

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has been used to analyze and prove innocence or guilt of suspects of crimes with great accuracy. DNA is part of everyday life. It is the heredity material in humans and almost all other organisms. While being part of an investigation. DNA has helped to solve crimes. There is a couple ways that DNA left behind can be tested to solve a crime. Either if the suspect has been caught and or had his or her DNA tested, or if he or she has left behind any biological evidence. Which then needs to be tested to see if it matches the DNA found in the crime scene to his or hers DNA. The result to this comparison may help establish if the suspect committed the crime. Although the chemical structure in everyone’s DNA is the†¦show more content†¦This process is called DNA finger printing. Therefore, DNA is one of the most common things a forensic technician looks for. Forensic technicians investigate crimes. There job is to look for physical evidence that will be collected and later analyzed. While working on an investigation the forensic technician may seem to be looking for a specific sample. It may be a blood sample or even a single drop of saliva. In some cases, clues may lead to a single fingerprint left behind to solving a crime. The suspect assuming he or she has wiped away all traces that would lead them to the crime scene. Never realizing what the suspect might have left behind. This may have seemed irrelevant to the forensic technician. Who is taking part in searching the crime scene. DNA left behind such as a strand of hair leads to a suspect. To the result it may be found in the carpet, or in any other type of clothing. Even though DNA evidence is generally linked to an offenders profile through DNA database. In the late 1980’s the federal government laid a ground work for the system of state, local and national DNA databases for the storage and exchange of the DNA profiles. This system was named the Combined DN A Index System (CODIS). Maintaining DNA profiles set of databases that can be shared to the law enforcements all across the country. The CODIS can compare crime scene evidence that has been stored to a database of DNA profiles obtaining previous offenders. ThisShow MoreRelatedEssay about Familial DNA Searching1415 Words   |  6 PagesNowadays, DNA is a crucial component of a crime scene investigation, used to both to identify perpetrators from crime scenes and to determine a suspect’s guilt or innocence (Butler, 2005). The method of constructing a distinctive â€Å"fingerprint† from an individual’s DNA was first described by Alec Jeffreys in 1985. 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Lifeboat Ethics By Garret Hardin And A Modest Proposal By...

Lifeboat ethics by Garret Hardin and a modest proposal by Jonathan Swift Garrett Hardin in Lifeboat Ethics: The Case against the Poor Garrett Hardin describes about how the well-off states are in the lifeboat and the deprived states are swimming in the sea. He also tells about how the US facilitates other states. Hardin thinks that if the administration remains serving other states and letting citizens in then America will also sink. We must encourage them if we desire to save at least part of the world form ecological destroy. Why should I support the deprived states? Why should I let the migrants in? I notice no reason for serving somebody that is not an American. These non American care taking my diligent assets that they did not produce. I am exhausted of the USA giving my funds to the deprived states. The administration is giving these people my funds. By letting these people on our lifeboat the administration is sinking us all. If we do let an additional 10 people in our lifeboat, we will have misplaced our security aspect, an engineering code of value. I cannot acquire opportunity in serving people if it is going to put me in threat. Instead of giving the funds to non Americans it should be utilized just in America. The funds utilized to facilitate the inferior states can be very helpful in the US. The traditional people work had for their money. The administration supports deprived families with housing, food, education and different things. The well-off have more

Common Business Communications Problem

Question: Discuss about the Report for Common Business Communications Problem. Answer: Introduction A literature review is a description of what has been issued on a subject by attributed academics and reviewers. Sometimes it could be as an individual project (occasionally in the structure of anannotated bibliography), except more frequently it is a predecessor in the foreword to a dissertation, research statement, or proposal, regularly the initial step of long research assignments. In composing the literary review, the intention is to communicate to the scholar what information and view have been set up on a subject, and what their strong point and weak spots are. As a bit of writing, the literary review should be identified by a guiding model. It is not simply an explanatory list of the substance obtainable, or a set of synopses (Soy 2015). There are quite a few reasons why a literature review is conducted. They are as follows: Ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the subject Identifying possible areas for research Identifying analogous research done within a particular area Identifying understanding gaps that require further exploration Comparing earlier findings Criticizing existing conclusions and recommend further research. Literature Review Business communication is an important part of any organization without which nothing can be accomplished. Effective communication must be a focus of every business because it helps to build and maintain relationships, facilitates innovations, builds an efficient team, manage workforce, ensures transparency and contributes to the growth of a company. However, we know companies and workforce might be deficient in this capability to gain knowledge, employ, and utilize superior communication practices. Business communication characterizes most companies, ensuing in effectual promotional campaigns, dynamic interpersonal relations between co-workers and flourishing customer service solutions. Since customers claim diverse types of communications in diverse situations and surroundings, efficient business communication experts recognize how to mold communications for maximum results (Eunson 2016). Problems in business communication Communication troubles in business normally branch from misinterpretations. These frequently end up in resentment and allegations. Recognizing circumstances caused by communication problems in the office generally also involves assisting workers resolve inconveniences without charging others. Communication struggles waste time, capital and efficiency (Conrad 2014). Here is some of the most common business communication problems faced today: Information disorganization: The right message being not shared with the right people results in reduced access to resources. Uninformed employees: Modes of communication not utilized properly ends up in the employee lagging behind regarding important notifications. Contact miscommunication: Client, consumer or potential communications are not being sufficiently pursued, ensuing in overlap and decreased competence. Inconsistent messages: Different managers communicating different messages, sometimes conflicting, causes confusion. Untimely messages: Employees are not receiving information when and where they require it, which slows processes and projects. Unclear expectations: Non-existent interaction between senior managers and other mid-level managers results in no clear definition of goals and objectives. Unclear future planning: Managers do not discuss their visions about the company with other employees, so there is no shared direction or motivation in the organization. Non-collaboration: Units in the organization do not cooperate or interact to achieve common goals, pushing competition instead of collaboration. No trust: Employees do not trust each other, thus do not open to each other or share information. Distance: Different units operating from different locations leads to gaps in communication (Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 2010). Causes of problems People normally think that the reason behind the problems is poor communication skills. However, that is not the case. The actual root causes of the problems that arise in business communications are according to (Guffey and Loewy 2012) are: Unclear roles and responsibilities: Vaguely defined roles or accountabilities in assignments and programs together result in workplace clashes Vague decision-making establishments and processes:Decision-making is an integral part of any department in any business. Every employee wishes to be a part of the process. Among those many is there who actually do not put in anything productive. Thus, clearly defined processes and appropriate distribution of this responsibility is required. Poorly crafted business models: Diverse business models end up in overlapping of processes, which consequently results in clashes between different departments and adverse interactions. Poorly outlined organizational structure: Many companies design their organizational structure to be in the good books of influential people, others design it in a way that makes departments overlap each other. It leads to power wars, poor accountability and blame games. Inadequate arrangements: Improper placement of people according to their skills, improper handling changes in initiatives or any business venture result in resentment, resistance and communication problems. Attitude and ego: Teamwork productivity often is hampered because of an individuals ego and inequity. Cultural differences: People from diverse backgrounds and cultural dimensions work together. However, each has a tendency to interact with only those with whom their habits match. Poor listening habits: People tune out while listening, deeming a topic uninteresting, focusing on the outcome rather than the substance, reacting prematurely, getting distracted or avoiding incomprehensible topics. Hierarchy problems: Miscommunication between top-level management and mid-level management regarding expectations or crucial information leads to unclear goals and benchmarks. Inadequate knowledge: Ineffective education or deficiency in understanding leads to setbacks in productivity. Poorly composed communication: Poorly inscribed resources, inaccurate syntax, awful grammar and out of context topics direct to confusion. Physical barriers: People communicate mostly with those are the closest to them, physically. It is important for people working together to work together (Sriussadaporn,R., 2006). Advantages and disadvantages of business communication Good communication is vital to running and functioning in a dynamic and proficient workplace. When carried out effectively, business communication can build a company's reputation, resolve and prevent conflicts, and contribute to strong relationships between your company, its customers and the business community (Broadbent 2013). Advantages: Build relationships: Proper communication processes encourages interaction between employer, employees and customers. Use of communications in promotional activities helps growth in awareness of the companys services. Team motivation: Good communication helps build cooperation between members of a team, a department and even the management. It also fosters trust among the workers. Strengthen partnerships: Effective communication is important while interacting with stakeholders or associates. Clear communication wipes out doubts and helps communicating about business needs and strategies. Helps diversity: Effective communication helps remove hurdles of language and cultural differences. Avoidance of cultural confusion helps in increasing productivity by inducing cooperation among staff. Global business growth: Good communication helps in global business transactions by helping the executives bridge the cultural and language gaps, removing the factor of being offensive out of the equation. Staff morale: Good communication between management and employee improves employee morale. It creates a healthy work environment and makes the employees happy about their jobs. Direction: Effective communication provides clear vision and direction to the employees about their responsibilities in the organization. It helps them accomplish their tasks productively (Zurawski 2014). Disadvantages: Manipulation: When effective communication is used to persuade someone in a manipulative way it makes the employees take decisions they are not supposed to take. Feedback limitation: Managers of an organization sometimes employ effective communication to suppress and bound feedback.This type of communication pushes back the listener and makes him decide not to come forward in future regarding anything. Misinterpretation: Due to miscommunication issues or difference in the perspectives of the communicating parties misinterpretations of messages happens. It leads to inaccurate representation and impacts productivity negatively. Spontaneity affects negatively: At times business messages are communicated instantly and immediately. It can result in poor framing of words with unfortunate consequences. Spatial barriers are needed at times: Business messages nowadays are restrained with the help of technology. However, this can lead to unforeseen collaboration with unintended addressees. Problem in clarity: Recipients at times do not understand the message communicated to them by the sender. It leads to delay in business processes and decisions. Zero assurance: At times no guarantee can be offered as to the reception of the communication, message understanding or of the privacy of the communication content. The business communication is passed on from one place to another and, thus, there would not be any admittance to nonverbal signals that assist communication (Grant and Meadows 2013). Conclusion When hopes are not plainly declared, details seem masked or business purposes remain blurred, problems take place in organizations. Encouraging workers to stay away from expressive reactions, making use of active listening practices and supplying just constructive feedback to create collaborative atmosphere where every person does well makes the business beneficial and sustainable. Communication problems in businesses are necessary to avoid. They provide many positive contributions to the growth of an organization. They do have some negatives too. However, the amount of development they provide to an organization is huge. Therefore, it is necessary to keep a check on the factors that lead to these communication problems. References Bretag,T.,Crossman,J.and Bordia,S., 2010. Communication skills . North Ryde: McGraw-Hill Australia. Broadbent, D.E., 2013.Perception and communication. Elsevier. Conrad,D., 2014. Workplace communication problems:Inquiries by employees and applicable solutions. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 5(4), pp.105-116. Dan, M.C., 2013. Why should university and business cooperate? A discussion of advantages and disadvantages.International Journal of Economic Practices and Theories,3(1), pp.67-74. Eunson,B., 2016. Communicating in the 21st century. 4th ed. Milton: John Wiley and Sons Australia. Grant, A.E. and Meadows, J.H. eds., 2013.Communication technology update and fundamentals. Taylor Francis. Guffey, M.E. and Loewy, D., 2012.Essentials of business communication. Cengage Learning. Hamilton, C., 2013.Communicating for results: A guide for business and the professions. Cengage Learning. Roebuck, D., Siha, S. and Bell, R.L., 2013.Faculty usage of social media and mobile devices: analysis of advantages and concerns. DigitalCommons@ Kennesaw State University. Soy, S., 2015. The case study as a research method. Sriussadaporn,R., 2006. Managing international business communication problems at work:a pilot study in foreign companies in Thailand. Cross cultural management:AnInternational Journal, 13(4), pp.330-344. Zurawski, R. ed., 2014.Industrial communication technology handbook. CRC Press.

Mining In Space Essays - Spaceflight, Outer Space, Space Technology

Mining in Space On December 10, 1986 the Greater New York Section of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) and the engineering section of the New York Academy of Sciences jointly presented a program on mining the planets. Speakers were Greg Maryniak of the Space Studies Institute (SSI) and Dr. Carl Peterson of the Mining and Excavation Research Institute of M.I.T. Maryniak spoke first and began by commenting that the quintessential predicament of space flight is that everything launched from Earth must be accelerated to orbital velocity. Related to this is that the traditional way to create things in space has been to manufacture them on Earth and then launch them into orbit aboard large rockets. The difficulty with this approach is the huge cost-per-pound of boosting anything out of this planet's gravity well. Furthermore, Maryniak noted, since (at least in the near to medium term) the space program must depend upon the government for most of its funding, for this economic drawback necessarily translates into a political problem. Maryniak continued by noting that the early settlers in North America did not attempt to transport across the Atlantic everything then needed to sustain them in the New World. Rather they brought their tools with them and constructed their habitats from local materials. Hence, he suggested that the solution to the dilemma to which he referred required not so much a shift in technology as a shift in thinking. Space, he argued, should be considered not as a vacuum, totally devoid of everything. Rather, it should be regarded as an ocean, that is, a hostile environment but one having resources. Among the resources of space, he suggested, are readily available solar power and potential surface mines on the Moon and later other celestial bodies as well. The Moon, Maryniak stated, contains many useful materials. Moreover, it is twenty-two times easier to accelerate a payload to lunar escape velocity than it is to accelerate the identical mass out of the EarthUs gravity well. As a practical matter the advantage in terms of the energy required is even greater because of the absence of a lunar atmosphere. Among other things this permits the use of devices such as electromagnetic accelerators (mass drivers) to launch payloads from the MoonUs surface. Even raw Lunar soil is useful as shielding for space stations and other space habitats. At present, he noted, exposure to radiation will prevent anyone for spending a total of more than six months out of his or her entire lifetime on the space station. At the other end of the scale, Lunar soil can be processed into its constituent materials. In between steps are also of great interest. For example, the MoonUs soil is rich in oxygen, which makes up most of the mass of water and rocket propellant. This oxygen could be RcookedS out of the Lunar soil. Since most of the mass of the equipment which would be necessary to accomplish this would consist of relatively low technology hardware, Maryniak suggested the possibility that at least in the longer term the extraction plant itself could be manufactured largely on the Moon. Another possibility currently being examined is the manufacture of glass from Lunar soil and using it as construction material. The techniques involved, according to Maryniak, are crude but effective. (In answer to a question posed by a member of the audience after the formal presentation, Maryniak stated that he believed the brittle properties of glass could be overcome by using glass-glass composites. He also suggested yet another possibility, that of using Lunar soil as a basis of concrete.) One possible application of such Moon-made glass would be in glass-glass composite beams. Among other things, these could be employed as structural elements in a solar power satellite (SPS). While interest in the SPS has waned in this country, at least temporarily, it is a major focus of attention in the U.S.S. R. , Western Europe and Japan. In particular, the Soviets have stated that they will build an SPS by the year 2000 (although they plan on using Earth launched materials. Similarly the Japanese are conducting SPS related sounding rocket tests. SSI studies have suggested that more than 90%, and